{"id":1141,"date":"2018-03-28T12:30:38","date_gmt":"2018-03-28T09:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hukukiyaklasim.com\/?p=1141"},"modified":"2018-03-28T12:30:38","modified_gmt":"2018-03-28T09:30:38","slug":"cayma-ve-baglanma-bedellerinin-hukuki-icerikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.hukukiyaklasim.com\/yeni\/makaleler\/cayma-ve-baglanma-bedellerinin-hukuki-icerikleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Cayma ve Ba\u011flanma Bedellerinin Hukuk\u00ee \u0130\u00e7erikleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cayma<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Prof. Dr. R. Cengiz Derdiman<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Genel Bilgi ve Kapsam<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Bu yaz\u0131 sadece ba\u011flanma ve cayma bedellerinin i\u00e7erikleri ve birbirleriyle ve yak\u0131n bir tak\u0131m kavramlarla mukayeseleri \u00fczerinde durmaktad\u0131r.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu (BK) y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteyken bunlar i\u00e7in \u201cpi\u015fmanl\u0131k ve pey ak\u00e7eleri\u201d gibi terimleri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle, bu yaz\u0131da anlam\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak terimlere ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeden yer verilmi\u015ftir. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununa (TBK\u2019ya) g\u00f6re (madde: 177 ve 178); <\/span><\/span>s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde edim g\u00fcvencesi ve borcun ifa edilmemesinden do\u011facak zararlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in; s\u00f6zle\u015fmede pey ak\u00e7esi ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi gibi g\u00fcvenceler (teminatlar) \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Derdiman, 442). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Cayma Bedeli (Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k Ak\u00e7esi)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken verilen ve <\/span><\/span>kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa terk edilmesi kayd\u0131yla taraflara s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 veren tutara<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi denmektedir. <\/span><\/span>Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi,<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201ctaraflardan birinin akiden (s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden) vazge\u00e7mesi, pi\u015fman olmas\u0131 halinde kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa verdi\u011fi mebl\u00e2\u011fd\u0131r<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Karaman, 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201cPi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi\u201dne; \u201cd\u00f6nme tazminat\u0131\u201d, \u201ccayma paras\u0131\u201d, \u201czaman\u0131 r\u00fccu\u201d, \u201ccayma tazminat\u0131\u201d veya \u201ccayma ak\u00e7esi\u201d (deyimler i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z \u00f6rne\u011fin: Eren, 1192; Eri\u015fgin, 120; Reiso\u011flu, 438, 439) veya \u201ccayma bedeli\u201d denilebilmektedir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esinde, pi\u015fman olundu\u011funda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nebilme de\u011feri olarak belirlenen miktar s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (\u0130nan-Y\u00fccel, 563). <\/span><\/span>Cayma bedelinin g\u00fcvencesinden yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in, <\/span><\/span><\/span>s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden, ifaya ba\u015flanmadan evvel d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi gerekir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> (ayn\u0131 kanaat: Tando\u011fan, 35). Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi ile yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerden d\u00f6nme, bir <\/span><\/span>irade beyan\u0131 ile olur ve bu beyan kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Eren, 1192).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda cayma paras\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u00e7a bu bedelin kabul edilmesi her iki taraf\u0131n da cayma hakk\u0131 olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret eder<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f: von Tuhr, 775). Cayma paras\u0131 veren, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde sadece verdi\u011fi para kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa gelir olabilir. Cayma paras\u0131n\u0131 alan\u0131n caymas\u0131 halinde ise bu paray\u0131 verene, bu para miktar\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek durumundad\u0131r (Eren, 1192; Reiso\u011flu, 438, 439).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130fa edilen s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olan pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esinin, verene iadesi edilmesi gerekmektedir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Ayan, 70). \u00d6rne\u011fin bir mal\u0131n ba\u015fkas\u0131na sat\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in sahibine verilen paran\u0131n; s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme halinde bu ki\u015fiye b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, <\/span><\/span>mal\u0131n al\u0131m\u0131 halinde ise bedele mahsup edilmesi \u0130sl\u00e2m hukukunda da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve caiz g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Karaman, 2018). Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esinin ifas\u0131 istenen s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin konusunun elverdi\u011fi hallerde, bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mebl\u00e2\u011fa mahsup edilmesinde de anla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esinin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, ekonomik de\u011ferini ve (bu, para ise) miktar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeci taraflar s\u00f6zle\u015ferek belirlerler;<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> bunu azaltabilir ya da \u00e7o\u011faltabilirler. Resio\u011flu\u2019nun (439) aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Yarg\u0131tay 4. Hukuk Dairesinin 1965-2457 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda ve di\u011fer bir k\u0131s\u0131m emsal Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda belirlenmi\u015f pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esinin yarg\u0131 makamlar\u0131nca indirilemeyece\u011fi belirtilmektedir. <\/span><\/span>YHGK da (1970) ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndedir. <\/span><\/span>Bu husus doktrinde de tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Reiso\u011flu 439; Ayan, 70; Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1242).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeci taraflara s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nebilme konusunda s\u00f6zle\u015filmesi imk\u00e2n\u0131 veren, bir noktada da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nmeyi engellemeyi hedefleyen yapt\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> Anayasa (madde: 48) s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyetini korumu\u015f ve g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f, \u201c<\/span><\/span>ki\u015finin temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerini, \u2026adalet ilkeleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayacak surette s\u0131n\u0131rlayan\u2026 ekonomik engelleri\u201d kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak g\u00f6revini Devlete vermi\u015ftir (madde: 5).<\/span><\/span><\/span> S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nebilmenin yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme\u201dde s\u00f6zle\u015filebilmesi, pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi tutar\u0131n\u0131n caymay\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lmayacak makul denge g\u00f6zetilerek belirlenmesini de gerektirir. <\/span><\/span>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hem s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nmemek i\u00e7in bir zorlamay\u0131 hem de s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 \u201cdengeleyecek mak\u00fbl bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u201dden fazla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek pi\u015fmanl\u0131k bedelinin Mahkemece indirilmesi kabul edilebilmelidir.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ba\u011flanma Bedeli (Pey Ak\u00e7esi)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u201cPey ak\u00e7esi; bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken, taraflardan birinin \u00f6b\u00fcr tarafa s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na delil olmak \u00fczere verdi\u011fi bir miktar para veya ba\u015fkaca ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r bir mald\u0131r.\u201d (Y15HD, 2015; Tando\u011fan, 34).<\/span><\/span> Ba\u011flanma bedeli, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa verilen ve \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki edimin yerine getirilece\u011finin taahh\u00fcd\u00fc\u201d olmaktad\u0131r. <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>\u201cPey ak\u00e7esinin esas maksad\u0131, in’ikad eden (kurulan) bir akdin (s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin), i\u015fbu in’ikad durumunu teyid etmektir (onaylamakt\u0131r)\u201d (Franko, 252). Ba\u011flanma paras\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ahde vefa ilkesinin i\u015fletilmesine hizmet eder (Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1216). Pey ak\u00e7esi s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na delil olsun diye verilir S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ispat\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r (Ak\u0131nt\u00fcrk-Ate\u015f Karaman, 159). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPey ak\u00e7esi\u201dne \u201ckaparo\u201d (\u0130nan-Y\u00fccel, 561; Y15HD, 2015) veya \u201ckaporo\u201d (O\u011fuzman-\u00d6z, 539), \u201ckopara\u201d (Franko, 252), \u201cba\u011flanma paras\u0131\u201d veya \u201cba\u011flanma ak\u00e7esi\u201d, dendi\u011fi gibi, genelde \u201ckapora\u201d (Derdiman, 442) dendi\u011fi de olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Pey ak\u00e7esi veren ki\u015filer cayma hakk\u0131 kazanamazlar; ancak, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ortadan kalkmas\u0131na sebep olsalar bile bu paray\u0131 geri alabilirler (O\u011fuzman-\u00d6z, 539). H\u00e2lbuki, <\/span><\/span>s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin, \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme\u201d {ya da \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fmeden vazge\u00e7me\u201d (Ayan, 70) say\u0131labilecek} \u015fekilde ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u201cpi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi\u201dyle ilgilendirilmelidir. Bu ba\u011flamda; pey ak\u00e7esini veren taraf s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki eda y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmezse, di\u011fer taraf pey ak\u00e7esini, u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarardan d\u00fc\u015fmek mecburiyetinde de\u011fildir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (von Tuhr, s. 774; Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1223, 1227). Bu durumda pey ak\u00e7esinin, veren taraf\u0131ndan geri al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/span>\u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshi\u201dnde, \u00f6nceden elde edilen \u00e7\u0131karlar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Ayan, 327). Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015ferek \u201cbirlikte feshetmeleri\u201dnde pey ak\u00e7esinin iadesi gerekebilecektir (Tando\u011fan, 35; Ak\u0131nt\u00fcrk-Ate\u015f Karaman, 160). S\u00f6zle\u015fme kusursuz imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 ifa edil(e)memi\u015fse de pey ak\u00e7esi verene iade edilmelidir (ayn\u0131 kanaat: Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1227).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pey ak\u00e7esi ya s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tutar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131, ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tutar\u0131ndan bir miktar\u0131na say\u0131lmak \u00fczere (bir t\u00fcr avans olarak) verilebilir.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> \u0130kinci durumda ba\u011flanma paras\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki esas borca mahsup edilmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. TBK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, <\/span><\/span>aksine bir \u00e2det yoksa pey ak\u00e7esi, esas alacaktan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmekte<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Eren, 1191); <\/span><\/span>yani esas alaca\u011fa mahsup edilmektedir <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(Ayan, 69). <\/span><\/span>\u0130sl\u00e2m hukukunda da genelde, pey ak\u00e7esini \u201c<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>akid (s\u00f6zle\u015fme) icra edilirse bedele saymak\u201d caiz g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Karaman, 2018). Bu bedel s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki \u00fccret olabilece\u011fi gibi ona mahsup edilecek bir miktar da olabilmektedir. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4. Ba\u011flanma ve Cayma Bedellerinin Mukayesesi (K\u0131sa Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma)<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeci taraflara pi\u015fman olup s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nebilme hakk\u0131 verirken; pey ak\u00e7esi ba\u011flanma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fckler.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> Bir mebl\u00e2\u011f\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle birlikte \u201c\u00f6n \u00f6deme(ye), akdin in’ikad\u0131n\u0131n (te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn) harici bir delili olmak ve bunun ispat\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa \u2018pey ak\u00e7esi\u2019; akidden cayma hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa \u2018pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi\u2019 ad\u0131 verilir.\u201d (Kallek, 339).<\/span><\/span> Pey ak\u00e7esi cayma paras\u0131 de\u011fildir <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(Y15HD, 2015; 2015a)<\/span><\/span> ve bu imk\u00e2n\u0131 vermez. Pey ak\u00e7esi, ancak taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Velidedeo\u011flu-\u00d6zdemir, 330). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pey ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi aras\u0131nda sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fark olup, bunlardan hangisi \u00fczerinde s\u00f6zle\u015fildi\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirlenir (<\/span><\/span>ayn\u0131 kanaat: Eri\u015fgin, <\/span><\/span>120). <\/span><\/span>S\u00f6zle\u015fmede bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 halinde taraflar\u0131n pey ak\u00e7esi \u00fczerinde s\u00f6zle\u015ftikleri kabul edilir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Eren, 1193; Ayan, 69).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pey ak\u00e7esinin konusu, belirli bir \u201cmal\u201d <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(Franko, 254),<\/span><\/span> bir \u201c\u015fey\u201d (Velidedeo\u011flu-\u00d6zdemir, 330) ya da ba\u015fka bir ekonomik de\u011fer olabilmektedir. Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esinin de, sadece para de\u011fil <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f: Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1230)<\/span><\/span> e\u015fya ya da ekonomik de\u011fer olabilece\u011fi kanaatindeyiz.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> Bunlar s\u00f6zle\u015fmeci tarafa ya da 3. ki\u015filere verilmi\u015f ya da bloke edilerek verilmi\u015f olabilirler (bak\u0131n\u0131z: Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1231 ve dipnot: 56). Ba\u011flanma (ve bize g\u00f6re cayma) bedeli bir k\u0131sm\u00ee ifa olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Ak\u0131nt\u00fcrk-Ate\u015f Karaman, 159) gibi hediye de de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Pey ak\u00e7esine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olursa pey ak\u00e7esi haks\u0131z zenginle\u015fmeye sebep olur (Franko, 252, 253). <\/span><\/span>Pey ak\u00e7esinin, bat\u0131l veya h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, tahakkuk etmeyen bir sebeple verilmesi anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finden, iadesi gereklidir <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(von Tuhr, 774; Velidedeo\u011flu-\u00d6zdemir, 330; Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1221). <\/span><\/span>\u0130sl\u00e2m hukukunda da genelde benimsendi\u011fi \u00fczere, <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>akid (s\u00f6zle\u015fme) \u201cicra edilmezse geri almak \u00fczere verilen pey ak\u00e7esi caizdir\u201d<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> (Karaman, 2018). <\/span><\/span><\/span>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla <\/span><\/span>ba\u011fland\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz hale gelen bu tutar\u0131n; bunlar\u0131 alan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeci taraf\u00e7a, veren tarafa iade edilmeleri gerekir. <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>Ayn\u0131 hususlar\u0131 pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi i\u00e7in de s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (bak\u0131n\u0131z: Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1237). <\/span><\/span>Cayma bedeli, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kar\u015f\u0131 tarafta kal\u0131r; s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131 halinde verene iade edilmesi gerekir<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (Ayan, 70).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pey ak\u00e7esi ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yasal \u015fekle uygun olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde ge\u00e7erli olur <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(Velidedeo\u011flu-\u00d6zdemir, 330). YHGK da (1964) ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde karar vermi\u015ftir. Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 hususlar dile getirilebilir. Hukuka ve ahl\u00e2ka ayk\u0131r\u0131 ve konusu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde pey ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7eleri bat\u0131ld\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6rne\u011fin ni\u015fanlanan bir kimsenin evlenme vaadini zorlay\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in bir ceza \u015fart\u0131 pey ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7eleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemelidir. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u201cCeza\u00ee \u015eart\u201d ile Mukayese<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u201cBor\u00e7lunun borcunu ihlal etmesi halinde alacakl\u0131ya \u00f6demeyi kabul etti\u011fi ceza hususundaki antla\u015fmaya \u2018cezai \u015fart\u2019 ve \u00f6denecek cezaya \u2018s\u00f6zle\u015fme cezas\u0131\u2019 denilmektedir.\u201d (O\u011fuzman-\u00d6z, 518) <\/span><\/span>Ceza\u00ee \u015fart da pey ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi gibi s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131na g\u00fcvence ve kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yapt\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r. Bu zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir edim; bir borcun, ispat y\u00fck\u00fc olmadan ifas\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131r ve borcun ifa edilmemesi halinde bor\u00e7luya as\u0131l bor\u00e7tan ayr\u0131 olarak y\u00fcklenir.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pey ve Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7eleri ayn\u0131 mahiyeti ta\u015f\u0131yan ceza\u00ee \u015farttan farkl\u0131d\u0131rlar. \u00dczerinde belirsizlik bulunan ve akdin kurulu\u015funda verilen tutar pey ak\u00e7esi kabul edilece\u011finden; bu t\u00fcr belirsizlikler cezai \u015fart da olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fclemezler (Franko, 253). Pey ak\u00e7esi de pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi de dar ve teknik anlamda bir ceza\u00ee \u015fart de\u011fildir: <\/span><\/span>Ceza\u00ee \u015fart, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Pey ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7eleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeci tarafa \u00f6nceden verilen pe\u015fin mebl\u00e2\u011f olmaktad\u0131r<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (von Tuhr, 775; Eren, 1191, 1193). E\u015fdeyi\u015fle pey ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7eleri \u00f6nceden verilirken, ceza\u00ee \u015fart s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifa edilmememsi halinde \u00f6denecek taahh\u00fct olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1252). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u201c\u00dccret Al\u0131koyma\u201d ile Mukayese<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00fccretin al\u0131konulmas\u0131 pey ya da pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ak\u00e7esi olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fi gibi ceza\u00ee \u015fart olarak da de\u011ferlendirilemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201c\u00fccret al\u0131koyma\u201d (Resio\u011flu, 439) <\/span><\/span>s\u00f6zle\u015fmede aksine bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yer almad\u0131k\u00e7a, bunu kesen, \u00f6rne\u011fin i\u015fveren konumundaki) ki\u015finin sebep olunacak\/olunan zarar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in al\u0131konulmaktad\u0131r <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span>(Velidedeo\u011flu-\u00d6zdemir, 332; Resio\u011flu, 439). \u00dccret al\u0131koyma sadece hizmet akitlerinde s\u00f6z konusu olur (von Tuhr, s. 776). <\/span><\/span>Kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nceden verilen g\u00fcvence bedeli \u201cdepozito\u201d da tamam\u0131yla kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc durumdad\u0131rlar<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span> (benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f: Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, 1228).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a <\/u><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Ak\u0131nt\u00fcrk, Turgut-Ate\u015f Karaman (2011), Derya, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler \u00d6zel Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkileri, 17. (25) Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ayan, Mehmet (2012), <\/span><\/span>Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler,<\/i><\/span><\/span> 7. Bas\u0131, Mimoza Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Konya.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Derdiman, R. Cengiz (2015), <\/span><\/span>Hukuk Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131,<\/i><\/span><\/span> G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irlmi\u015f 5. Bask\u0131, Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Bursa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eren, Fikret (2012), <\/span><\/span>Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler,<\/i><\/span><\/span> 14. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eri\u015fgin, Nuri (2013), <\/span><\/span>Medeni Hukuk-II<\/i><\/span><\/span>, (Edit\u00f6r: Hayriye \u015een Do\u011framac\u0131), <\/span><\/span>Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi A\u00e7\u0131k\u00f6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesi Yay\u0131n\u0131 no: 1787, Eski\u015fehir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Franko, Nisim (1996), \u201cPey Ak\u00e7esinin Mahiyeti\u201d <\/span><\/span>\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Mecmuas\u0131,<\/i><\/span><\/span> cilt: 55 say\u0131: 1-2, y\u0131l: 1996, ss: 249-262.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130nan, Ali Naim-Y\u00fccel, \u00d6zge (2014), <\/span><\/span>Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler,<\/i><\/span><\/span> T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununa G\u00f6re G\u00fcncellenip Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 4. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kallek<\/span><\/span>, <\/b><\/span><\/span>Cengiz (2018),<\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u201cKaparo\u201d,<\/span><\/span> \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, <\/i><\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.islamansiklopedisi.info\/dia\/pdf\/c24\/c240213.pdf, ss: 339-340, eri\u015fim tarihi: 10.01.2018.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Karaman, Hayrettin (2018), \u201cPey Ak\u00e7esi ve Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k Ak\u00e7esi\u201d, <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0130sl\u00e2m I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda G\u00fcn\u00fcn Meseleleri, <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www. hayrettinkaraman.net\/kitap\/meseleler\/0292.htm, eri\u015fim tarihi: 11.01.2018<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

O\u011fuzman, Kemal \u2013\u00d6z, Turgut (2013) Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. Cilt 2, G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f 10. Bask\u0131, Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Reiso\u011flu, Sefa (2010), <\/span><\/span>Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/i><\/span><\/span> 21. Bas\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tando\u011fan, \u015einasi (1949), \u201cPey Ak\u00e7esi ve Zaman\u0131 R\u00fccu\u201d, <\/span><\/span>Ankara Barosu Dergisi,<\/i><\/span><\/span> y\u0131l: 1949, say\u0131: 58-59, ss: 34-36.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

von Tuhr, Andreas (1983), Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku 1-2, \u00c7eviren Cevat Edege, Yarg\u0131tay Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, no: 15, Ankara.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Velidedeo\u011flu, H\u0131fz\u0131 Veldet-\u00d6zdemir Refet (1987), T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu \u015eerhi, Yarg\u0131tay Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, no: 19, Ankara.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, Burcu, \u201cBa\u011flanma Paras\u0131, Cayma Paras\u0131, Bunlar\u0131n Ceza Ko\u015fuluyla Benzerlikleri ve Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131\u201d, <\/span><\/span>Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, <\/i><\/span><\/span>Prof. Dr. \u015eeref Erta\u015f\u2019a Arma\u011fan, Cilt: 19, \u00d6zel Say\u0131-y\u0131l: 2017, ss. 1207-1270<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Y15HD (2015), Yarg\u0131tay 15. Hukuk Dairesinin 23.11.2015 tarihli ve esas: 2015\/4039, karar: 2015\/5935 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Y15HD (2015a), Yarg\u0131tay 15. Hukuk Dairesinin 22.01.2015 tarihli ve esas: 2014\/6685, karar: 2015\/335 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

YHGK (1964), Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulunun 20.05.1964 tarihli ve 31751\/383 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, nakleden: Velidedeo\u011flu, H\u0131fz\u0131 Veldet-\u00d6zdemir Refet (1987), <\/span><\/span>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu \u015eerhi<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Yarg\u0131tay Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, no: 19, Ankara, s. 331.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

YHGK (1970), Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulunun 24.1.1970 tarihli ve esas: 1966\/4-1348, karar: 1970\/50 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, nakleden: Ya\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, Burcu, \u201cBa\u011flanma Paras\u0131, Cayma Paras\u0131, Bunlar\u0131n Ceza Ko\u015fuluyla Benzerlikleri ve Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131\u201d, <\/span><\/span>Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, <\/i><\/span><\/span>Prof. Dr. \u015eeref Erta\u015f\u2019a Arma\u011fan, Cilt: 19, \u00d6zel Say\u0131-y\u0131l: 2017, ss. 1207-1270, s. 1243, dipnot: 85.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n
Dikkat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 :<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n

1-)\u00a0 Bu makalenin, yasalara uygun \u015fekilde kaynak g\u00f6sterilip at\u0131f yap\u0131larak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hari\u00e7, r\u0131zam\u0131z ve iznimiz al\u0131nmadan ba\u015fka yerlerde yay\u0131mlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmak isteriz. Bu hususta <\/span><\/em>Yasal Uyar\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/a> sayfas\u0131n\u0131 da kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2-) Bu makaleye at\u0131f yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde:<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R. Cengiz Derdiman, <\/span><\/span><\/em>\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em>Cayma ve Ba\u011flanma Bedelleri<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/span><\/span><\/em> Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m Sitesi, <\/span><\/span><\/em>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. Eri\u015fim Tarihi: ..\/..\/20..<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eeklinde kaynak g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3-) \u0130znimiz ve r\u0131zam\u0131z al\u0131nmas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla di\u011fer kullan\u0131mlarda da mutlaka:<\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak: R. Cengiz Derdiman, \u201c<\/span><\/em>Cayma ve Ba\u011flanma Bedelleri<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/em>,<\/span><\/em> Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m Sitesi, \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. Eri\u015fim Tarihi: ..\/..\/20..<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eeklinde kaynak g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1143,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCayma ve Ba\u011flanma Bedellerinin Hukuk\u00ee \u0130\u00e7erikleri | Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, s\u00f6zle\u015fme 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