{"id":1788,"date":"2019-08-07T20:04:03","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T17:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hukukiyaklasim.com\/?p=1788"},"modified":"2019-08-07T20:04:03","modified_gmt":"2019-08-07T17:04:03","slug":"hukukta-malvarligi-kavrami-kapsami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.hukukiyaklasim.com\/yeni\/makaleler\/hukukta-malvarligi-kavrami-kapsami\/","title":{"rendered":"Hukukta Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kavram\u0131 ve Kapsam\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 (Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kavramsal Yakla\u015f\u0131m ve Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Boyutlar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda K\u0131sa Bir Deneme)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Prof. Dr. R. Cengiz Derdiman<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Haklar\u0131<\/h3>\n

1.1. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131<\/h4>\n

Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n, \u201chukuk\u00ee b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck te\u015fkil eylemek \u00fczere(;) sahip ya da m\u00fckellef olabilecekleri, para ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen mal, hak ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d[1]<\/a> Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u201cmamalek\u201d kelimeleri ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tan\u0131mdaki \u201cpara ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilmek\u201d, konunun ekonomik de\u011fer ifade etmesidir. \u201cMalvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dndan k\u0131saca; ki\u015filerin \u201chak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri kapsam\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011ferler\u201d anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kelimeleri ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lan \u201cmal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ise; bir kimsenin mallar\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyetine ili\u015fkin konular\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cMalvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131, ki\u015finin aktifindeki ve pasifindeki t\u00fcm haklard\u0131r. Ki\u015finin aktifindeki malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131, mevcut mallar\u0131n\u0131, alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm ekonomik haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva eder. Pasifteki malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, ki\u015finin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Saf\u00ee, net malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131, pasif aktiften (\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131nca) geriye kalan haklard\u0131r.\u201d[2]<\/a> Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (A\u0130HS) ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM) kararlar\u0131nda malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131; ekonomik \u00a0artma ve eksilmeleri kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1.2. \u201cMalvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ve \u201cM\u00fclkiyet\u201d \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/h4>\n

Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tabiri, A\u0130HS ve A\u0130HM kararlar\u0131nda; (geni\u015f anlamdaki) \u201cm\u00fclkiyet\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hatt\u00e2, \u201cm\u00fclkiyet\u201d yerine eksriyetle, \u201cmalvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d tabirinin tercih edilebildi\u011fi bile belirtilmektedir.[3]<\/a> M\u00fclkiyet, dar anlamda; mevcut madd\u00ee veya gayr\u0131madd\u00ee(=madd\u00ee olmayan\/fikr\u00ee) mallar\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Geni\u015f anlamda m\u00fclkiyet ise malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. Bu nedenle malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131na; dar anlamdaki kapsam\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cgeni\u015f anlamda m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131\u201d diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u201c(A\u0130HM\u2019e) g\u00f6re (de), \u2026<\/strong> \u201c\u2018mamelek\u2019(=malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131)\u201d kavram\u0131; fiziksel e\u015fyalar\u0131n sahipli\u011fine …indirgenemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde otonom bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Belirli ba\u015fka haklar ve \u00e7\u0131karlar da \u2018malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131\u2019 (\u2018property rights<\/em>\u2019) olarak m\u00fctal\u00e2a edilebil(mekted)ir.\u201d[4]<\/a> \u015eu halde \u201c(geni\u015f anlamda) m\u00fclkiyet\u201d, sadece \u00f6zel hukuk kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fil; kamu hukuku kapsam\u0131ndaki malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerini de kapsar.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu de\u011ferler, menk\u00fbl ve gayr\u0131menk\u00fbl, canl\u0131-cans\u0131z madd\u00ee-gayr\u0131madd\u00ee(=fikr\u00ee) her t\u00fcrl\u00fc varl\u0131klard\u0131r.[6]<\/a> Belirtelim ki insan da, organlar\u0131 da, m\u00fclkiyet kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fildirler; al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lamazlar. Organlar\u0131n ancak, (yasal us\u00fbl ve \u015fartlarda) ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 olabilir. Gayr\u0131madd\u00ee mallar, ki\u015filerin kendi fikir ve de\u011ferlendirmeleri ile olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 (soyut) eserlerdir. Bu eserler i\u00e7ine i\u015flenme eserler, film, m\u00fczik, bilim eserleri; marka, patent ve tasar\u0131m, gibi konular girmektedirler.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

1.3. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131n\u0131n Kapsam\u0131<\/h4>\n

Hukukta malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu haklar, ki\u015filere malvarl\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin, tasarruf yetkisi veren haklard\u0131r. 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun konuyla ilgili 683 maddesine g\u00f6re: m\u00fclkiyet\/malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filere \u00fczerinde yararlanma, kullanma veya tasarrufta bulunabilme imkan verirler. Bunlar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011fere sahip olmalar\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. A\u0130HM; \u201cbir i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesiyle ilgili ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar(\u0131) \u2026m\u00fclkiyet kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir.\u201d[8]<\/a> M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131, ki\u015fisel temel hak da oldu\u011fundan, sadece \u00f6zel hukukun de\u011fil; kamu hukukunun konusuna da girmektedir. Kamu hukuku, bunun g\u00fcvencesini ve hukuka uygun s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 da konu almaktad\u0131r.[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

2. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131( Haklar\u0131)n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131<\/h3>\n

2.1. Devlet-M\u00fclkiyet \u0130li\u015fkisini K\u0131sa Felsefi Temellendirme<\/h4>\n

Kant\u2019ta m\u00fclkiyet ve devlet, sistematik olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7indedirler. Ve b\u00f6ylece birbirini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/span> [10]<\/a>\u00a0 Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeki bu ili\u015fki Devletin m\u00fclkiyete m\u00fcdahale edebilmesi niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yabilir. Halbuki hukuku \u00fcst\u00fcn tutan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Devletlerde bir hassasiyet vard\u0131r. O da m\u00fclkiyetin zorunlu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda korunmas\u0131d\u0131r: M\u00fclkiyet Devlete kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek ve devlet\u00e7e korunmas\u0131 gereken bir temel hakt\u0131r. Locke\u2019un, toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fme teorisinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan sebebi, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Tabiat halinden devlet hayat\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015fle m\u00fclkiyetin korunms\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar m\u00fclkiyetlerinin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in; bir k\u0131s\u0131m haklar\u0131ndan feragat pahas\u0131na, faraz\u00ee bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle devleti kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. [11]<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2. Bir Temel Hak Olarak Korunmas\u0131 Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/h4>\n

Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131, ki\u015filere Devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korunan bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alan\u0131 sunarlar. Ayr\u0131ca, ki\u015filere hayatlar\u0131nda bir k\u0131s\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler y\u00fcklerler.[12]<\/a> Bir malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131ymet olu\u015fturabilmesi i\u00e7in; ulusal hukukta bunu destekleyen temellerinin olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.[13]<\/a> T\u00fcrk hukuku m\u00fclkiyeti hem bir kurum olarak, hem de bireysel bir hak olarak korumu\u015ftur. Bu koruma Devlet ve ki\u015filerin m\u00fcdahalelerine kar\u015f\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r:[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 bir temel hakt\u0131r. Anayasan\u0131n bilhassa 35. maddesinde, korunmu\u015f ve g\u00fcvencelere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1961 Anayasas\u0131nda bir sosyal hak olarak d\u00fczenlenen bu h\u00fcrriyet; 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda \u015fahs\u00ee haklar kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131na daha sayg\u0131n bir konum kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2.3. M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131-\u201c\u00d6dev\u201d \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/h4>\n

Anayasan\u0131n 35. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201cherkes m\u00fclkiyet ve miras hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu hak sadece kamu yarar\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 da toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ki\u015filer m\u00fclkiyet \u00fczerinde en geni\u015f \u015fekilde yararlanabilme haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken toplum yarar\u0131n\u0131 da nazara al\u0131rlar.[15]<\/a> H\u00e2kim de \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta bunu g\u00f6zetir.[16]<\/a> Liberal yakla\u015f\u0131m m\u00fclkiyeti s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bireysel hak konusu g\u00f6rmektedir. Marksist yakla\u015f\u0131m ise bunu sadece toplumsal bir hak kabul etmektedir. Anayasam\u0131z bu h\u00fckm\u00fcyle karma bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimsemi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fakat:<\/p>\n

Toplum yarar\u0131na bir \u00f6devin mevcudiyeti, somut kanun\u00ee bir dayanak gerektirir. Anayasan\u0131n 12\/2. maddesi temel haklar\u0131n topluma aileye ve ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6devleri gerektirmektedir. Ama bu \u00f6devler, temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma sebebi de de\u011fildirler. Kanun\u00ee dayanak olmadan hi\u00e7bir temel hak s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Kanunun belirlemedi\u011fi bir \u00f6devin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesi, ki\u015filerin k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetle hareket etmemeleri[18]<\/a> \u00e7izer.[19]<\/a> Yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 olmayan vicdan\u00ee sorumluluk[20]<\/a> ise yasal ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7ermez. Malik ancak; hukuken \u201ckatlanma ve tahamm\u00fcl \u00f6devinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde(;) vaki tecav\u00fczlerin \u00f6nlenmesini isteyebilir.\u201d[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

3. Ki\u015filik Hakk\u0131 Olarak Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n

Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 ile ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 bir birlerinden ayr\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131rlar. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerin \u201cg\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7inde\u201d serbest\u00e7e kullanabilecekleri haklard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, do\u011frudan \u201cki\u015fi g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201dnin de kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Anayasa 19\/1 maddesi herkesin ki\u015fi g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bizim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcze g\u00f6re[22]<\/a> m\u00fcstakil bir f\u0131kra olarak yaz\u0131lan bu h\u00fck\u00fcm: yaln\u0131z haks\u0131z yakalama ve tutuklamaya kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil; ki\u015fi g\u00fcveli\u011fi kapsam\u0131ndaki di\u011fer konularda da, b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir g\u00fcvence sunar.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca; mal ki\u015finin ki\u015fi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da ilgilidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk Atas\u00f6z\u00fcnde dendi\u011fi gibi; \u201cmal can\u0131n yongas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, ki\u015fili\u011fin ekonomik de\u011ferle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebildi\u011fi hallerde; malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ki\u015fi\/ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n tamamlayac\u0131s\u0131(m\u00fctemmim c\u00fcz\u2019\u00fc) haline gelirler. Bu ki\u015fili\u011fe sald\u0131r\u0131da malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015f gibi tazminat \u00f6deme \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla m\u00fclkiyet bir malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, ayn\u0131 zamanda da bir ki\u015fi(lik) hakk\u0131d\u0131r.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

4. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u0130li\u015fkisi Kurulabilecek ya da Kurulamayacak\u00a0 De\u011ferler<\/h3>\n

4.1. Bekleyen Hak ve Hakl\u0131 Beklenti Kapsam\u0131nda Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h4>\n

(1) Kavramlar<\/u><\/h5>\n

Hakl\u0131 (=me\u015fru) beklenti ve bekleyen hak kavramlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda k\u0131sa bilgi vermek gerekir: Hukukta taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan dile getirilen \u201cbekleyen hak\u201d,[24]<\/a> \u201ctamamlanm\u0131\u015f i\u015flemin sundu\u011fu\u201d bir hakt\u0131r. Bu hak, kendisine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kesin olan hakt\u0131r. Ki\u015fi, bu hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in hakl\u0131 beklenti i\u00e7indedir. Her \u201cbekleyen hak\u201d bir hakl\u0131 beklenti iken, her \u201chakl\u0131 beklenti\u201d bir bekleyen hak de\u011fildir. Zira, hakl\u0131 beklentinin, kamu yarar\u0131 engellemedi\u011fi takdirde yerine gertirilmesi g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.[25]<\/a> Hakl\u0131 beklentide, \u201cg\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n etkisi de olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(2) Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cHakl\u0131 (=Me\u015fru) Beklenti\u201d ve \u201cBekleyen Hak\u201d<\/u><\/h5>\n

A\u0130HM\u2019e g\u00f6re, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa ili\u015fkin \u201cme\u015fru bekleti\u201dler m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r.[26]<\/a> Me\u015fru beklenti; \u201cizlenen s\u00fcrecin bitiminde, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131labilen bir konum(dur).\u201d[27]<\/a> Anayasa Mahkemesi[28]<\/a>\u00a0 (AyM) de, \u201cicras\u0131 kaabil(=m\u00fcmk\u00fcn) olan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hak\u201dk\u0131, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

(3) \u201cBekleyen Hak\u201dlar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan<\/u><\/h5>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n

1-) Alacaklar\u0131n ba\u011fland\u0131klar\u0131 kambiyo senetleri malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dahil edilirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc senetlerin[29]<\/a> kendileri de para de\u011ferindedirler. Bunlar bor\u00e7luya \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00fcklerler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu; bekleyen bir para alaca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Borcun muaccel olmas\u0131 akabinde; alacakl\u0131ya temerr\u00fct sebebiyle talep hakk\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n

2-) Mahkeme karar\u0131yla g\u00f6revine d\u00f6nen memur, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerdeki maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilir. Bunlar ele ge\u00e7ene kadar bekleyen hakt\u0131r.[30]<\/a> Bal\u0131kesir \u0130dare Mahkemesi, \u201czorunlu ek ders miktar\u0131\u201dna tekab\u00fcl eden \u00fccretlerin; memuriyetine mahkeme karar\u0131yla d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00f6\u011fretmene \u00f6denmesine karar vermi\u015ftir.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

(4) \u201cHakl\u0131 Beklenti\u201d Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan<\/u><\/h5>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin; kamu g\u00f6revinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesinin \u201chakl\u0131 beklenti\u201dleri de s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Bu kapsamda yukar\u0131daki ek ders \u00f6rne\u011finden devam edersek: \u00f6rne\u011fin; ek ders, y\u00fcksek lisans dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bedellerinden bahsedilebilir. Bunlar, -yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekten farkl\u0131 olarak-, zorunlu ek g\u00f6reve tekab\u00fcl etmezler. Yarg\u0131sal kararlar genellikle, kadroya ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan \u00fccretlerin \u00f6denmesi i\u00e7in fiilen o i\u015fi yapm\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131 aramaktad\u0131rlar.[32]<\/a> Ama, g\u00f6revinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir memur, bu g\u00f6revleri; d\u0131\u015farda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde fiilen yapmak istese de yapamaz.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan, bu \u00f6rnekte \u201cg\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d ve \u201cuygulaman\u0131n yerle\u015fikli\u011fi\u201d de nazara al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r: Uzun zamandan beri yap\u0131lan uygulaman\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk\u00ee durum; bunlar\u0131 hakl\u0131 beklenti mesafesinde tutabilir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 da bu \u00fccretleri almaya uygun gerek\u00e7e \u00fcretme imkan\u0131 verebilir. Bu gibi arg\u00fcmanlar hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse, ortada hakl\u0131 beklentinin olabilece\u011finden s\u00f6z edilebilir.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

AyM\u2019nin karar\u0131ndan esinlenerek denilebilir ki: Bir beklentinin \u201chak edilebilme\u201d seviyesine varmas\u0131 i\u00e7in; onun hukuken korunabilirlik seviyesinde olmas\u0131 gerekir.[34]<\/a> \u0130\u015fte, bu t\u00fcr \u00fccretlerin talep edilmesi; gerek\u00e7elerin, \u201chakl\u0131s\u0131n\u201d dedirtebilece\u011fi hallerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilecektir.<\/p>\n

4.2. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131na Girmeyen Konular<\/h4>\n
(1) Madd\u00ee Y\u00f6nden<\/u><\/h5>\n

\u201cGelecekte elde edilmesi beklenen hak\u201dlar malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemezler. Nitekim A\u0130HM; \u201cgelecekte mal ve m\u00fclk elde etme hakk\u0131n\u0131\u201d malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ki\u015filerin \u201cmal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n etkilenmeyece\u011fi durumlar” da malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedirler. Bu hallerde, a\u00e7\u0131lan davalar da \u201cehliyet\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden reddedilebilmektedir. \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Avrupa Komisyonu (A\u0130HK), sigorta \u015firketlerine getirilen vergi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden etkilenmeyen poli\u00e7e sahiplerininin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 bu y\u00f6nde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[36]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin: Kanun\u00ee miras\u00e7\u0131lar, muris hen\u00fcz vefat etmemi\u015fken \u201cmiras hakk\u0131\u201dndan bahsedemezler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc miras\u00e7\u0131 ile mirasa konu mal aras\u0131nda do\u011fmas\u0131 gereken etkili ba\u011f; ancak muris \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ve yasal \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kurulabilir.<\/p>\n

(2) S\u00fcre Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ve Di\u011fer Y\u00f6nlerden<\/u><\/h5>\n

Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kanunla belirlenen hallerde; s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilmekte, kald\u0131r\u0131labilmekte ya da sona erebilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n

1-) S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayn\u00ee haklar, menk\u00fbl(=ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r) ya da gayr\u0131menk\u00fbl(=ta\u015f\u0131nmaz) \u00fczerinde sahibinin haklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilirler. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayn\u00ee hakka sahip olan\u0131n lehine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur.<\/p>\n

2-) 5846 say\u0131l\u0131 Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanununa(FSEK\u2019ya) g\u00f6re, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fczik eseri \u00fczerindeki m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131; eser sahibinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 70 y\u0131l sonra kalkar. Yaln\u0131z; b\u00f6yle\u00a0 bir kay\u0131t, hakl\u0131 gerek\u00e7eye dayanmamakta ve maddi mallar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir. Bu durum; Anayasan\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi koruyan 10., ayr\u0131ca; Anayasan\u0131n miras hakk\u0131n\u0131 koruyan 35. maddelerine uygun olmasa gerektir.<\/p>\n

5. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u0130lgisi Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cZarar\u201d Kavram\u0131<\/h3>\n

5.1. Genel Olarak Zarar ve Tazmini<\/h4>\n

Hukukta zarar, ki\u015filerin \u015fah\u0131s ya da malvarl\u0131klar\u0131 ile hak ve menfaatlerinde; r\u0131zalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olu\u015fan eksilmelerdir. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na verilen zarar, eksilme kadar\u0131yla tazmini gerektirir.[37]<\/a> Tazmin, nakd\u00ee(=parayla) ya da eski hale getirme gibi ayn\u00ee(=e\u015fyayla) olabilmektedir.[38]<\/a> Sorumluluk i\u00e7in zarar, zarar g\u00f6renin r\u0131zas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olu\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zarara sebep olan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 kusurlu; hukuka uygun olmas\u0131 da kusursuz sorumlulu\u011fu gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ortada \u201cm\u00fccbir sebep\u201d derecesinde bir fevkal\u00e2delik(=ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fcl\u00fck)[39]<\/a> olmad\u0131ktan sonra; malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k ya da \u201cfaraz\u00ee eksilmeler\u201din tazmin sorumlulu\u011fu kalkmaz. \u201cFaraz\u00ee eksilmeler\u201dden maksat, ki\u015fili\u011fe sald\u0131r\u0131dan do\u011fan(\u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc gibi) zararlar\u0131n; malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaabilinden bir de\u011ferle tel\u00e2fi edilmesidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ki\u015fili\u011fin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zararlar\u0131 da madd\u00ee olarak tazminden ba\u015fka bir se\u00e7enek yoktur.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ki\u015filerin ekonomik olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen ve tel\u00e2fi edilebilen t\u00fcm ki\u015filik de\u011ferleri de sahiplerine; u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 zarar\u0131n tel\u00e2fisi kadar malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131rlar. Burada elem veya \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc tazminin; manev\u00ee zarar\u0131 bir nebze de olsa unutturmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. Alacakl\u0131ya \u00f6denecek tazminat\u0131n; azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde sebepsiz fakirle\u015fme, fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde sebepsiz zenginle\u015fme olu\u015fur.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

5.2. \u201cKamu Zarar\u0131\u201d A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Durum<\/h4>\n
(1) Genel Olarak<\/u><\/h5>\n

\u201cKamu zarar\u0131\u201d 5018 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamu Mali Kontrol Kanununun(KMKYK\u2019n\u0131n) 71 ve konuya ili\u015fkin y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin 2. maddesinde ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu mevzuata g\u00f6re; \u201cKamu zarar\u0131, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan ve on(lar\u0131n) sorumlulu(klar\u0131)na yol a\u00e7an bir zarard\u0131r.\u201d[41]<\/a> Bu zararlar, kamusal kaynaklardaki art\u0131\u015fa engel ya da azalmaya sebep olmak \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131karlar.[42]<\/a> Kamu zarar\u0131 i\u00e7in, zarar\u0131n; eylemin, mevzuata ayk\u0131r\u0131 karar, i\u015flem, eylem veya ihmal sonucu<\/u> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131r.[43]<\/a> \u0130dare, tazmin etti\u011fi bedeli veya Devlet mallar\u0131nda haks\u0131z olarak meydana gelen eksilmeleri; sebep olan kamu g\u00f6revlilerine r\u00fccu ettirilir.[44]<\/a> R\u00fccu\u2019da Anayasal ve yasal us\u00fbl ve \u015fartlar g\u00f6zetilir.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00f6yle ki:<\/p>\n

1-) \u201cFerde zarar veren fiil hizmet kusurundan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015fsa memur sorumluluktan kurtulur.\u201d[45]<\/a> Kusursuz sorumluluk hallerinde de durum ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2-) \u015eahs\u00ee kusurdan do\u011fan zararar kusurlu bulunan kamu g\u00f6revlisine r\u00fccu ettirilir. Bu halde kamusal malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki eksilmeler; kusur oran\u0131nda r\u00fccu sorumlulu\u011funu gerektirir. Nitekim: Anayasan\u0131n 129. maddesi kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin \u201csebep olduklar\u0131\u201d zararlar\u0131n tazmin bedelinin, kendilerine r\u00fccu ettirilece\u011fini belirtmektedir. Bu nedenle, 657 say\u0131l\u0131 Devlet Memurlar\u0131 Kanunun 12. maddesi: kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin, kas\u0131t, kusur, ihmal ve tedbirsizlikleri sebebiyle idareyi u\u011fratt\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar\u0131; rayi\u00e7 bedel \u00fczerinden \u00f6demelerini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

(2) Kamu G\u00f6revlilerinin Mal Bildirimleri ve Kamu Zarar\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/u><\/h5>\n

Hukukumuzda, bir k\u0131s\u0131m kamu g\u00f6revlerinin; belli d\u00f6nemlerde mal bildiriminde bulunmalar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00a0\u00d6rne\u011fin;g\u00f6reve ba\u015flarken, 0 ve 5 ile biten y\u0131llarda ve malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belirgin art\u0131\u015flarda bu i\u015flem yap\u0131l\u0131r\/tekrarlan\u0131r.[46]<\/a> Bunun yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 DMK\u2019n\u0131n ilgili h\u00fckm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kapsam, usul ve esaslar da:<\/p>\n

1-) 3628 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cMal Bildiriminde Bulunulmas\u0131, R\u00fc\u015fvet ve Yolsuzluklarla M\u00fccadele Hakk\u0131nda<\/p>\n

Kanun\u201d ve;<\/p>\n

2-) bu kanunun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren 90\/748 say\u0131l\u0131 Bakanlar Kurulu karar\u0131;<\/p>\n

\u0130le d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenlemeler, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin herhangi bir \u015fekilde kamu zarar\u0131na sebep ve vesile olmalalar\u0131n\u0131 denetlemi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

6. Sonu\u00e7 Olarak \u00d6zetlersek\u2026<\/em><\/h3>\n

Ki\u015filerin sahip olduklar\u0131, insan ve organlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan; canl\u0131-cans\u0131z maddi ya da gayr\u0131madd\u00ee(=fikr\u00ee) mallar, hak ve bor\u00e7lar malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131nad\u0131rlar. Ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 hukukta korunan m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131 da geni\u015f anlamda m\u00fclkiyettir. Bu t\u00fcr m\u00fclkiyet de malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na konu olan de\u011ferler, ekonomik vas\u0131flara sahip niteliktedirler. Me\u015fru beklentiler, kazan\u0131m\u0131 bekleyen haklar ve (genel olarak) hakl\u0131 beklentiler de kapsama girerler. Gelecekte elde edilecek malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 gibi haklar bu kapsama girmezler. Kanunlar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hallerde malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 son bulur ya da k\u0131stlamaya u\u011frar. Mesel\u00e2; miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bir m\u00fczik eseri \u00fczerindeki mali haklar\u0131, eser sahibinin vefat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden 70 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesiyle son bulur.<\/p>\n

\u201cMalvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ile \u201czarar\u201d kavram\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ilgi vard\u0131r. Hukuken zarar, ki\u015filerin malvarl\u0131klar\u0131nda r\u0131zalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki eksilmelerdir. M\u00fccbir sebep d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, zarar, sebep olunan sorumluluk oran\u0131nda sebep olanlarca \u00f6denir. M\u00fccbir sebep sorumlulu\u011fu y\u00fcklemeyi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lan i\u00e7erik ta\u015f\u0131r. Ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zararlar da malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eksilme kaabilinden ve maddi olarak tazmin edilirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ki\u015fili\u011fin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zarar\u0131 ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc tazmin etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 yoktur. Kald\u0131 ki manev\u00ee bir zarar\u0131n tazminiyle, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc bir nebze de olsa unutturmak ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kamu zarar\u0131 daha \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir terimdir. KMKYK ve ilgili y\u00f6netmelik, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin (kendilerinin) sebep olduklar\u0131 zararlara kamu zarar\u0131 demektedir. Kamu zarar\u0131, sebep olan kamu g\u00f6revlisine r\u00fccu ettirilir. Yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmler de nazara al\u0131narak, \u015fahs\u00ee kusurun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde b\u00f6yle bir r\u00fccuun adalete uymayaca\u011f\u0131 da not edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dikkat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u><\/em>:<\/em><\/h3>\n

1-)\u00a0<\/em> Bu makalenin, yasalara uygun \u015fekilde kaynak g\u00f6sterilip at\u0131f yap\u0131larak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hari\u00e7, r\u0131zam\u0131z ve iznimiz al\u0131nmadan ba\u015fka yerlerde yay\u0131mlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmak isteriz. Bu hususta Yasal Uyar\u0131<\/a> sayfas\u0131n\u0131 da kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

2-) Bu makaleye at\u0131f yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde:<\/p>\n

R.Cengiz Derdiman, \u201c<\/em>Hukukta Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kavram\u0131 ve Kapsam\u0131\u201d, Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m Sitesi, (\u0130nternet Adresi\u2026\u2026\u2026.) <\/em>Eri\u015fim Tarihi: ..\/..\/20..<\/p>\n

\u015eeklinde kaynak g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/em><\/p>\n

3-) \u0130znimiz ve r\u0131zam\u0131z al\u0131nmas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla di\u011fer kullan\u0131mlarda da mutlaka:<\/em> Kaynak:\u00a0 R.Cengiz Derdiman, \u201c<\/em>Hukukta Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kavram\u0131 ve Kapsam\u0131\u201d, Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m Sitesi, <\/em>(\u0130nternet Adresi\u2026\u2026\u2026.) <\/em>\u00a0Eri\u015fim Tarihi: ..\/..\/20..\u015eeklinde kaynak g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dipnotlar\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/u><\/em>:<\/em><\/h3>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrk Hukuk L\u00fcgat\u0131<\/em>, 3. Bask\u0131, 3. Bask\u0131, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Bas\u0131mevi Ankara, 1991, s. 218<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R. Cengiz Derdiman, Hukuk Ba\u015fkang\u0131c\u0131<\/em>, G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f 5. Bask\u0131, Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Bursa 2015, s. 162.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Haydar Murat Gemalmaz, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131, <\/em>Doktora Tezi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dal\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2008, s. 6.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gemalmaz, s. 133.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hans Josef Wieling, Sachenrecht,<\/em> F\u00fcnfte, \u00fcberarbeitete Auflage Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007, s. 88<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Derdiman, Hukuk Ba\u015fkang\u0131c\u0131, s. 371, 372. \u201c\u0130\u00e7 hukukumuzda maddi mallarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 A\u0130HM kararlar\u0131nda daha geni\u015f \u015fekilde ifade edilmekte olup, ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ekonomik de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan hemen her \u015fey bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.\u201d Neslihan Karata\u015f Durmu\u015f, \u201c<\/em><\/strong>Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi Kararlar\u0131nda M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131 ve Vergilendirme\u201d 14.05.2018, Vergi Alg\u0131<\/em>, https:\/\/vergialgi.net\/vergi\/avrupa-insan-haklari-mahkemesi-kararlarinda-mulkiyet-hakki-ve-vergilendirme#sdfootnote9anc<\/a> (03.08.2019).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bak\u0131n\u0131z \u00f6rne\u011fin: \u00dcnal Tekinalp, Fikr\u00ee M\u00fclkiyet Hukuku<\/em>, G\u00fcncelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 6. Bas\u0131 Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2012; Engin Erdil, Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Hukuku,<\/em> Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2016.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tre Trakt\u00f6rer Aktiebolag\/\u0130sve\u00e7 Karar\u0131, bak\u0131n\u0131z: Karata\u015f Durmu\u015f 2018.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f: \u015eeref Erta\u015f, E\u015fya Hukuku,<\/em> G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 6. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2005, s. 233.<\/p>\n

*<\/em><\/h3>\n

[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Serhan Tevfik Karahan,\u00a0 \u201cM\u00fclkiyet Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Kamu Zarar\u0131 Kavram\u0131: Olanakl\u0131l\u0131k Ve Anlam\u201d Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi<\/em>, 2015, 6(1), http:\/\/dergiler.ankara.edu.tr\/dergiler\/49\/1962\/20529.pdf<\/a> (07.08.2019), s. 2<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R. Cengiz Derdiman, Anayasa Hukuku,<\/em> 3. Bask\u0131, Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Bursa 2013, s. 46.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jan Wilhelm, Sachenrecht, <\/em>4., v\u00f6llig neu bearbeitete Auflage, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin\/New York, 2010, s. 129.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u0130HM bu sonuca vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir karar\u0131nda, yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n da bu temeli destekleyebilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Bak\u0131n\u0131z: Kopecky v. Slovakia<\/em>, para.52, nakleden: Gemalmaz, 153.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fikret Eren, M\u00fclkiyet Hukuku<\/em>, 2. Bask\u0131 Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2012, s. 5-11<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2\/6\/1964 tarihli ve esas: 1964\/13, Karar: 1964\/43 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131; Jale G. Akipek, T\u00fcrk E\u015fya Hukuku, II. Kitap: M\u00fclkiyet<\/em>, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara, 1972, <\/strong>s. 9; Kemal O\u011fuzman-\u00d6zer Seli\u00e7i-Saibe Oktay-\u00d6zdemir, E\u015fya Hukuku<\/em>, (15. Bas\u0131dan) 16. T\u0131pk\u0131 bas\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 2013, s. 279.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Akipek, s. 11.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eren, M\u00fclkiyet Hukuku<\/em>, s. 5-11<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fin, baban\u0131n; kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kendi m\u00fclkiyetinde bulunan mezar\u0131n\u0131, o\u011flunun ziyaretini engelleyemeyece\u011fine h\u00fckmedilmi\u015ftir. Nakleden: O\u011fuzman-Seli\u00e7i-Oktay \u00d6zdemir, s. 279, 280.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Derdiman, Anayasa Hukuku,<\/em> s. 158.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Derdiman, Anayasa Hukuku,<\/em> s. 158.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Akipek, s. 11.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R. Cengiz Derdiman, \u0130dare Hukuku<\/em>, Yeniden G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve Yeni D\u00fczenlemelere G\u00f6re G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f 3. Bask\u0131 Alfa-Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Bursa, 2010, s. 45.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tekin Ak\u0131ll\u0131o\u011flu, \u201cAvrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi Kararlar\u0131nda M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131 Ve Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hak \u00dczerine Baz\u0131 G\u00f6zlemler\u201d \u0130dare Hukuku ve \u0130limleri Dergisi<\/em>, y\u0131l: 2012, <\/em>Cilt:15, Say\u0131:2, ss: 9-27, s. 10, 11, 17.<\/p>\n

*<\/h4>\n

[24]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R. Cengiz Derdiman, Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hak, Hakl\u0131 Beklenti ve Bekleyen Hak Kavramlar\u0131, Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m Sitesi, <\/em>24.04.2018, <\/em><\/strong>https:\/\/www.hukukiyaklasim.com\/makaleler\/kazanilmis-hak-hakli-beklenti-ve-bekleyen-hak-kavramlari\/<\/a> , (04.08.2019)<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R. Cengiz Derdiman, Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hak, Hakl\u0131 Beklenti ve Bekleyen Hak Kavramlar\u0131, 2018.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130rlanda\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Pine Valley Devolopments Ltd ve \u00f6tekiler\u201d ve \u201c\u0130talya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Saggio\u201d kararlar\u0131, nakleden: A. \u015eeref G\u00f6z\u00fcb\u00fcy\u00fck \u2013 Feyyaz G\u00f6lc\u00fckl\u00fc, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve Uygulamas\u0131, <\/em>6. Bas\u0131, Turhan Kitabevi Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara, 2005, s. 418<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 G\u00fcney Din\u00e7, Avrupa <\/em>\u0130<\/em>nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle<\/em>\u015f<\/em>mes<\/em>i<\/em> ve Malvarl\u011f\u0131 Haklar\u0131,<\/em> T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2007, s.34<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anayasa Mahkemesi 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 10.05.2017 tarihli ve ki\u015fisel ba\u015fvuru 2014\/11382 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u0130HK Bramelid ve Malmstr\u00f6m \u2013 \u0130sve\u00e7 komisyon karar\u0131nda hisse senetlerini; M\u00fcler \u2013 Avusturya karar\u0131 emeklilik maa\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bak\u0131n\u0131z: \u0130lhan Hana\u011fas\u0131, M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131, https:\/\/www.danistay.gov.tr\/upload\/2_mulkiyethakki.pdf<\/a> (06.08.2019)<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u0130HM Van Marle \u2013 Hollanda karar\u0131nda, bir mesle\u011fi icra etme hakk\u0131n\u0131 bile m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirmi\u015ftir. Hana\u011fas\u0131, 2019.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bal\u0131kesir \u0130dare Mahkemesinin 28.05.2018 tarihli ve esas: 2017\/1721, karar: 2018\/ 1779 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131. Bu konuda ek dersin fiilen yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken hizmet oldu\u011fundan bahisle yap\u0131lan \u0130stinaf ba\u015fvurusu da reddedilmi\u015ftir. \u0130zmir B\u00f6lge \u0130dare Mahkemesi 2. \u0130dari dava Dairesinin 10.01.2019 tarihli ve esas: 2018\/5213\u00a0 karar:2019\/ 152 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dan\u0131\u015ftay\u00a0 2.Dairesinin\u00a003.04.2009 tarihli ve Esas: 2007\/3399\u00a0 Karar: 2009\/1428 ve Dan\u0131\u015ftay\u00a012. Dairesinin \u00a024.11.1998 tarihli ve Esas: 1995\/ 9214\u00a0Karar: 1998 \/ 2848 say\u0131l\u0131 kararlar\u0131 bu y\u00f6ndedir. G\u00f6revdeyken farkl\u0131 kadroda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan memurun, sadece, \u00fcnvan\u0131na uygun kadronun; fiilen yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ek ders gibi g\u00f6revlerin \u00fccretlerini alabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bak\u0131n\u0131z: Dan\u0131\u015ftay 8. Dairesinin 03.10.2013 tarihli ve esas:2012\/8511, karar:2013\/6942 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131.<\/p>\n

*<\/h4>\n

[33]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fin: Sayac\u0131n kullan\u0131lan elektri\u011fi hesaplayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00fccret belirmede \u00f6nceki aylara ili\u015fkin ortalamalar al\u0131n\u0131yorsa; (8 May\u0131s\u00a02014 tarihli ve 28994 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131nlanan Elektrik Piyasas\u0131 T\u00fcketici Hizmetleri Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi madde: 14) burada da, benzerlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u201chakl\u0131 beklenti\u201dye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AyM\u2019nin 13.12.2017 tarihli ve esas: 2016\/32, karar: 2017\/168 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131; R. Cengiz Derdiman, Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hak, Hakl\u0131 Beklenti ve Bekleyen Hak Kavramlar\u0131, 2018.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fin: Aida, Grgi\u0107\/Zvonimir, Mataga\/Matija, Longar\/Ana, Vilfan(2007) karar\u0131, \u201cAvrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Kapsam\u0131nda M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131-Klavuz Kitap\u201d Avrupa Konseyi, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 El Kitaplar\u0131, Numara 10, s.6.\u00a0Nakleden: Karata\u015f Durmu\u015f, 2018.Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde bak\u0131n\u0131z: Din\u00e7, s. 33.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cYarrow <\/em>davas\u0131na at\u0131f yapan A\u0130HK, poli\u00e7e sahiplerinin sigorta \u015firketlerinin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bkz. Wasa Liv \u00d6msesidigt, F\u00f6rs\u00e4kringsbolaget Valands Pensionsstiftelse and a group<\/em> of approximately 15,000 individuals v. Sweden<\/em>, App. No.13013\/87, Admissibility Decision of 14 December 1988, DR 58, sf: 163-185, para.1 (The Law).\u201d Nakleden: Gemalmaz, s. 84.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u0130HM, Lithgow\/ Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k davas\u0131nda, devlletle\u015ftirilenmaldan dolay\u0131 tazminat verilmesine; bunun bedelinin sosyal adaletin gerektirdi\u011fi hallerde, oldu\u011fundan az belirlenebilece\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gert Br\u00fckkemeier, Haftungsrecht, Struktur, Prinzpien, Schutzbereich, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006, s.\u00a0 562. Fakat idar\u00ee sorumluluk kapsam\u0131ndaki zararlar, idarece aynen de\u011fil nakden tazmin edilmektedir.\u00a0 R. Cengiz Derdiman, \u0130dari Yarg\u0131da Zararlar\u0131 Aynen Tazmin sorunu, Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m Sitesi, 31.07.2019, https:\/\/www.hukukiyaklasim.com\/makaleler\/idari-yargida-zararlari-aynen-tazmin-sorunu\/<\/a> (04.08.2019)<\/p>\n

*<\/h4>\n

[39]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hukukta m\u00fccbir sebep sorumlulu\u011fu kald\u0131ran sebeptir. Bu husus beklenmedik hal ve m\u00fccbir sebep ili\u015fkilerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 konusu olabilir. K\u0131saca: M\u00fccbir sebep; \u00f6nlenemez, (al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olup) tahmin edilemez ve davran\u0131\u015fla ilgili olmayan, d\u0131\u015f sebeplerden (d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131k) meydana gelmektedir. R. Cengiz Derdiman, \u0130dare Hukuku, 5. Bask\u0131, Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Bursa, 2015, s. 207; Vahap Bucak,\u0130dare Hukukunda Enpreviziyon Nazariyesi<\/em>, Ulusal Matbaa, Ankara, 1940, s. 12; Finanzgericht in M\u00fcnchen (FG M\u00fcnchen), Urteil v. 10.03.2017 \u2013 12 K 2612\/14; A. Pulat G\u00f6z\u00fcb\u00fcy\u00fck, Hukuk\u00ee Mesuliyet Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan M\u00fccbir Sebepler ve Beklenmeyen Haller<\/em>, g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f geni\u015fletilmi\u015f 2. Bask\u0131, Ankara Bas\u0131m ve Cilt Evi, Ankara 1957, s. 24, 38, 66-78.<\/p>\n

M\u00fccbir sebep beklenmedik halden, d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131\u011f\u0131, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddeti ve zarar ile davran\u0131\u015f aras\u0131ndaki illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesiyle anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fikret Eren, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/em>, 14. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2012, s. 557; Mehmet Ayan, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/em>, 7. Bask\u0131, Mimoza Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Konya, 2012, s. 368; Hal\u00fbk N. Nomer, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/em>, G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f 13. Bas\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,\u0130stanbul, 2013, s. 125. Ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 konusu olabilecek bu hususta M\u00fccbir sebebin aksine, beklenmeyen hal sorumlulu\u011fu kald\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r. Beklenmeyen halde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131k ve \u00f6nlenemezlik daha nispi olup, \u00f6zellikle idari s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeciye y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck y\u00fckleyen i\u00e7erik de ta\u015f\u0131r. Beklenmeyen haller, gereken \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilse de \u00f6nlenemeyen durumlard\u0131r. Beklenmedik hal, zarar ve zarara sebebiyet veren davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n, bilinseydi \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nabilir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r. Derdiman, \u0130dare Hukuku, s. 506. Beklenmeyen hallerde kusursuz sorumluluk s\u00f6z konusu olur; ancak, sorumluluk hakkaniyete g\u00f6re di\u011fer sorumluluk t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re daha az takdir edilir.<\/p>\n

*<\/h4>\n

[40]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bak\u0131n\u0131z: R. Cengiz Derdiman, \u0130dar\u00ee Yarg\u0131n\u0131n Genel Esaslar\u0131,<\/em> Yeni De\u011fi\u015fikliklere G\u00f6re G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f 3. Bask\u0131, Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Bursa, 2014, s. 268, 269.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bahtiyar Aky\u0131lmaz, \u201cKamu Zarar\u0131 Ve Kamu Zarar\u0131nda Rucu\u201d, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Mecmuas\u0131<\/em>, y\u0131l: 2011, Cilt: 69, Say\u0131:1 – 2, ss: 61-78, s. <\/em>63.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aky\u0131lmaz, s. <\/em>66; Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun(YCGK\u2019n\u0131n) 17.4.2007 tarihli ve\u00a0 E. 2007\/4-88 K. 2007\/94 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan \u00a0K. 2007\/94 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130dari dava Daireleri Kurulunun(D\u0130DDK\u2019n\u0131n) \u00a0e: 1998\/465, k: 1999\/350 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, nak: Ramazan \u00c7aglayan,)dar\u00ee Yarg\u0131lama Hukuku, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2011 s. 460.) ve. D\u0130DDK\u2019n\u0131n \u00a028.01.2000 tarihli ve e: 1998\/442, k: 2000\/126; 14.06.2002 tarihli ve 2002-510 say\u0131l\u0131 kararlar\u0131. Nakleden: Derdiman, \u0130dar\u00ee yarg\u0131n\u0131n Genel Esaslar\u0131<\/em>, s. 277.<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hamza Ero\u011flu, \u0130dare Hukuku<\/em>, 5. Bas\u0131, Feryal Matbaas\u0131, Ankara, 1985, s. 490.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Derdiman, \u0130dare Hukuku,<\/em> 5. Bask\u0131, s. 410, 411.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 (Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kavramsal Yakla\u015f\u0131m ve Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Boyutlar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda K\u0131sa Bir Deneme)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1789,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[44,222,275,277,326,418],"class_list":["post-1788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler","tag-anayasa","tag-idare-hukuku","tag-kamu-zarari","tag-kanuni-dayanak","tag-mulkiyet","tag-temel-haklar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHukukta Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kavram\u0131 ve Kapsam\u0131 | Hukuki Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131; 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